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TITUS | DIDACTICA |
Georgian | Megrelian | Laz | Svan | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 | ert-i | art-i | ar(ti) | ešχu
2 | or-i | žir-i | žu(r)i | jori
| 3 | sam-i | sum-i | sumi | semi
| 4 | otχ-i | otχ-i | otχo | wōštχw
| 5 | χut-i | χut-i | χuti | woχwišd
| 6 | ekvs-i | amšv-i | a(n)ši | usgwa
| 7 | švid-i | škvit-i | šk(v)it(i) | išgwid
| 8 | rva- | ruo | ovro | ara
| 9 | cχra- | čχoro | čχo(v)ro | čχara
| 10 | at-i | vit-i | viti | ješd
| 11 | t-ert-meṭ-i | vit-a-art-i | viṭ-o-ar | ješd-ešχu
| 20 | oc-i | eč-i | eči | jerw-ešd
| 30 | oc-da-at-i | eč-do-vit-i | eč-do-viti | sem-ešd
| 40 | or-m-oc-i | žar-n-eči | žur-(e)n-eči | wōštχw-ješd
| 100 | as-i | oš-i | oši | ašir | |
Transitive Verbs | Intransitive Verbs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
active | passive | affective | others | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Series: | Pres. | Aor. | Perf. | Pres. | Aor. | Pres. | Aor. | Pres. | Aor. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Geo.
| Subj. | Nom. | Erg. | Dat. | Nom. | Nom. | Dat. | Erg. | Nom. | Erg.
| | dir.Obj. | Dat. | Nom. | Nom. | — | — | — | — | — | —
| | Svan.
| Subj. | Nom. | Erg. | Dat. | Nom. | Nom. | Dat. | Erg. | Nom. | Erg.
| | dir.Obj. | Dat. | Nom. | Nom. | — | — | — | — | — | —
| | Mgr.
| Subj. | Nom. | Erg. | Nom. | Nom. | Erg. | Dat. | Erg. | Nom. | Erg.
| | dir.Obj. | Dat. | Nom. | Dat. | — | — | — | — | — | —
| | Laz.
| Subj. | Erg. | Erg. | Erg. | Nom. | Nom. | Dat. | Nom. | Nom. | Nom.
| | dir.Obj. | Nom. | Nom. | Nom. | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
Singular | Plural
Case: | | Georgian | Laz | Megrelian | Svan | Georgian | Laz | Megrelian | Svan
Nominative | ḳac-i | ḳoči | ḳoč-i | č̣äš | ḳac-eb-i / | ḳac-n-i ḳoč-epe | ḳoč-ep-i | č̣aš-är
| Ergative | ḳac-ma | ḳoči-k | ḳoč-k | č̣äš-d | ḳac-eb-ma / | ḳac-ta ḳoč-epe-k | ḳoč-e(n)-k | č̣aš-är-d
| Dative | ḳac-s(a) | ḳoči-s | ḳos (ḳoc) | č̣äš-s | ḳac-eb-s(a) / | ḳac-ta ḳoč-epe-s | ḳoč-e(n)-s (-nc) | č̣aš-är-s
| Genitive | ḳac-is(a) | ḳoči-š(i) | ḳoč-iš(i) | č̣äš-i(š) | ḳac-eb-is(a) / | ḳac-ta ḳoč-epe-š(i) | ḳoč-ep-iš(i) | č̣aš-are-(š)
| Direktive | ḳac-ad(a) | ḳoči-ša | ḳoč-iša | č̣äš-d | ḳac-eb-ad(a) | ḳoč-epe-ša | ḳoč-ep-iša | č̣aš-är-d
| Ablative | | ḳoči-še(n) | ḳoč-iše | | | ḳoč-epe-še(n) | ḳoč-ep-iše |
| Instrumental | ḳac-it(a) | ḳoči-te(n) | ḳoč-it(i) | č̣äš-šw | ḳac-eb-it(a) | ḳoč-epe-te(n) | ḳoč-ep-it(i) | č̣aš-är-šw
| Finalis | | | ḳoč-išo(t) | | | | ḳoč-ep-išo(t) |
| Transformative | (ḳac-ad(a)) | | ḳoč-o | (č̣äš-d) | (ḳac-eb-ad(a)) | | ḳoč-ep-o | (č̣aš-är-d)
| Vokative | ḳac-o | | | | ḳac-eb-o /
ḳac-n-o | | | | |
Series | Category | Georgian | Laz | Megrelian | Svan | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Series I (present system) | Present | c̣er-s | č̣ar-um-s | č̣ar-un-s | ir-i
Future (pfv.) | (da-)c̣er-s | | (do-)č̣ar-un-s | la-jr-i
| Future (impfv.) | | | | ir-wn-i
| Imperfect | c̣er-d-a | č̣ar-um-ṭ-u | č̣ar-un-d-u | ir-d-a
| Conditional I (pfv.) | (da-)c̣er-d-a | č̣ar-um-ṭ-u-ḳo(n) | č̣ar-un-d-u-ḳo(n) | la-jr-da
| Conditional (impfv.) | | | | ir-wn-ōl
| Subjunctive Pres. (I) | c̣er-d-e-s | č̣ar-um-ṭ-a-s | č̣ar-un-d-a-s | ir-d-ēd-s
| Subjunctive Future | (da-)c̣er-d-e-s | | |
| Impf. infer. (I) | | č̣ar-um-ṭ-u-doren | | χä-jr-ina
| Impf. infer. (II) | | | | lə-jr-ün χwi
|
| Series II (aorist system)
| Aorist | (da-)c̣er-a | č̣ar-u | č̣ar-u | la-jr-e
| Optative (Conj. II) | (da-)c̣er-o-s | č̣ar-a-s | č̣ar-a-s | la-jr-a-s
| Conditional II | | č̣ar-u-ḳo(n) | č̣ar-u-ḳo(n) |
| Perfect I | | č̣ar-u-doren | |
| Perfect II | | č̣ar-u-dor-ṭum | |
| Subjunctive III | | č̣ar-u-dor-ṭa-s | |
| Future II | | č̣ar-a-s ere/unon | |
| Conditional III | | č̣ar-a-ṭu | |
| Irrealis | | č̣ar-a-s un-ṭeren | |
|
| Series III
| Perfect (Result. I) | (da-)u-c̣er-i-a | u-č̣ar-u | u-č̣ar-u | χo-jr-a
| Pluperfect (Res. II) | (da-)e-c̣er-a | | u-č̣ar-u-du | χo-jr-ǟn(da)
| Subjunctive III | (da-)e-c̣er-o-s | | u-č̣ar-u-da-s | χo-jr-ēn-s
| Conditional III | | | u-č̣ar-u-du-ḳon |
|
| Series IV
| Resultative III | | | no-č̣ar-u-e |
| Resultative IV | | | no-č̣ar-u-e-du |
| Subjunctive IV | | | no-č̣ar-u-e-da-s |
| Conditional IV | | | no-č̣ar-u-e-du-ḳon | | |
Georgian | Megrelian | Laz | Svan | |
gul- | gur- | guri | gwi- | heart |
ena- | nina- | nena | nən- | tongue, language |
tav- | [ti-] | ti | šta- | head |
mze- | bža- | mžora | məž- | sun |
zġva- | zġva- | zuġa | ʒuġwa | sea |
dġe- | dġa- | ndġa | la-deġ- | day |
ʒma- | ǯima- | ǯuma | ǯəm-il- | brother |
asul- | asur- | osuri | haswiš- | daughter |
datv- | tunt- | mtuti | däštw- | bear |
χar- < qar- | χoǯ- | χoǯi | qän- | ox, bull |
mc̣er- | č̣and- | mč̣aǯi | mēr- | insect |
vašl- | uškur- | oškuri | wisgw- | apple |
anc̣l- | inč̣ir- | inč̣iri | gänč̣w- | elder |
maṭq̇l- | monṭq̇or- | monṭḳori | mäṭq̇- | wool |
rʒe- | bža- | mža | ləǯe- | milk |
sam- | sum- | sumi | semi- | three |
otχ- | otχ- | otχo | woštχw | four |
-rec- | -rč- | -(r)č- | -raš- | to stretch |
-tχar- | -tχor- | -ntχo(r)- | -štχar- | to dig |
-ḳ(u)m-/-ḳvam- | -ḳum- | -mḳom- | -ḳwām- | to smoke |
-gb- | -gib- | -gub- | -ǯb- | to boil |
tχel- | tχitχu- | tutχu- | dətχel- | thin |
-č̣ar- "to write" | 1.Ps.Sg. | 2.Ps.Sg. | 3.Ps.Sg. | 1.Ps.Pl. | 2.Ps.Pl. | 3.Ps.Pl. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Present | b-č̣ar-um | č̣ar-um | č̣ar-um-s | b-č̣ar-um-t | č̣ar-um-t | č̣ar-um-an
Imperfect | b-č̣ar-um-ṭ-i | č̣ar-um-ṭ-i | č̣ar-um-ṭ-u | b-č̣ar-um-ṭ-i-t | č̣ar-um-ṭ-i-t | č̣ar-um-ṭ-e-s
| Aorist | b-č̣ar-i | č̣ar-i | č̣ar-u | b-č̣ar-i-t | č̣ar-i-t | č̣ar-e-s
| Optative | b-č̣ar-a | č̣ar-a | č̣ar-a-s | b-č̣ar-a-t | č̣ar-a-t | č̣ar-a-n
| Cond. II | b-č̣ar-i-ḳo | č̣ar-i-ḳo | č̣ar-u-ḳo | b-č̣ar-i-ḳo-t | č̣ar-i-ḳo-t | č̣ar-e-ḳo-s
| Cond. III | b-č̣ar-a-ṭ-i | č̣ar-a-ṭ-i | č̣ar-a-ṭ-u | b-č̣ar-a-ṭ-i-t | č̣ar-a-ṭ-i-t | č̣ar-a-ṭ-e-s
| Future | b-č̣ar-a-re | č̣ar-a-re | č̣ar-a-s-ere | b-č̣ar-a-t-ere | č̣ar-a-t-ere | č̣ar-a-n-ere | |
-č̣ar- "to write" (subj.v.) | 1.Ps.Sg. | 2.Ps.Sg. | 3.Ps.Sg. | 1.Ps.Pl. | 2.Ps.Pl. | 3.Ps.Pl. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Present | v-i-(n)č̣ar-um | i-(n)č̣ar-um | i-(n)č̣ar-um-s | v-i-(n)č̣ar-um-t | i-(n)č̣ar-um-t | i-(n)č̣ar-um-an
Impf. | v-i-(n)č̣ar-um-ṭ-i | i-(n)č̣ar-um-ṭ-i | i-(n)č̣ar-um-ṭ-u | v-i-(n)č̣ar-um-ṭ-i-t | i-(n)č̣ar-um-ṭ-i-t | i-(n)č̣ar-um-ṭ-e-s
| Aorist | v-i-(n)č̣ar-i | i-(n)č̣ar-i | i-(n)č̣ar-u | v-i-(n)č̣ar-i-t | i-(n)č̣ar-i-t | i-(n)č̣ar-e-s
| Optative | v-i-(n)č̣ar-a | i-(n)č̣ar-a | i-(n)č̣ar-a-s | v-i-(n)č̣ar-a-t | i-(n)č̣ar-a-t | i-(n)č̣ar-a-n
| Cond. II | v-i-(n)č̣ar-i-ḳo | i-(n)č̣ar-i-ḳo | i-(n)č̣ar-u-ḳo | v-i-(n)č̣ar-i-ḳo-t | i-(n)č̣ar-i-ḳo-t | i-(n)č̣ar-e-ḳo-s
| Cond. III | v-i-(n)č̣ar-a-ṭ-i | i-(n)č̣ar-a-ṭ-i | i-(n)č̣ar-a-ṭ-u | v-i-(n)č̣ar-a-ṭ-i-t | i-(n)č̣ar-a-ṭ-i-t | i-(n)č̣ar-a-ṭ-e-s
| Future | v-i-(n)č̣ar-a-re | i-(n)č̣ar-a-re | i-(n)č̣ar-a-s-ere | v-i-(n)č̣ar-a-t-ere | i-(n)č̣ar-a-t-ere | i-(n)č̣ar-a-n-ere | |
-r- "to be" | 1.Ps.Sg. | 2.Ps.Sg. | 3.Ps.Sg. | 1.Ps.Pl. | 2.Ps.Pl. | 3.Ps.Pl. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Present | v-o-r-e | o-r-e | on(u) | v-o-r-e-t | o-r-e-t | o-r-a-n
Imperfect | v-o-r-ṭ-i | (o-r-)ṭ-i | (o-r-)ṭ-u | v-o-r-ṭ-i-t | (o-r-)ṭ-i-t | (o-r-)ṭ-e-s
| Aorist | | | | | |
| Optative | v-o-r-ṭ-a | o-r-ṭ-a | o-r-ṭ-a-s | v-o-r-ṭ-a-t | o-r-ṭ-a-t | o-r-ṭ-a-n
| Cond. II | v-o-r-ṭ-i-ḳo | o-r-ṭ-i-ḳo | o-r-ṭ-u-ḳo | v-o-r-ṭ-i-ḳo-t | o-r-ṭ-i-ḳo-t | o-r-ṭ-e-ḳo-s
| Cond. III | | | | | |
| Future | v-o-r-ṭ-a-re | o-r-ṭ-a-re | o-r-ṭ-a-s-ere | v-o-r-ṭ-a-t-ere | o-r-ṭ-a-t-ere | o-r-ṭ-a-n-ere | |
-(u)l- "to go" | 1.Ps.Sg. | 2.Ps.Sg. | 3.Ps.Sg. | 1.Ps.Pl. | 2.Ps.Pl. | 3.Ps.Pl. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Present | v-ul-ur | ul-ur | ul-un | v-ul-ur-t | ul-ur-t | ul-ur-a-n
Imperfect | v-ul-ur-ṭ-i | ul-ur-ṭ-i | ul-ur-ṭ-u | v-ul-ur-ṭ-i-t | ul-ur-ṭ-i-t | ul-ur-ṭ-e-s
| Aorist | v-i-d-i | i-d-i | i-d-u | v-i-d-i-t | i-d-i-t | i-d-e-s
| Optative | v-i-d-a | i-d-a | i-d-a-s | v-i-d-a-t | i-d-a-t | i-d-a-n
| Cond. II | v-i-d-i-ḳo | i-d-i-ḳo | i-d-u-ḳo | v-i-d-i-ḳo-t | i-d-i-ḳo-t | i-d-e-ḳo-s
| Cond. III | v-i-d-a-ṭ-i | i-d-a-ṭ-i | i-d-a-ṭ-u | v-i-d-a-ṭ-i-t | i-d-a-ṭ-i-t | i-d-a-ṭ-e-s
| Future | v-i-d-a-re | i-d-a-re | i-d-a-s-ere | v-i-d-a-t-ere | i-d-a-t-ere | i-d-a-n-ere | |
Kasus | Singular | -eb-Plural | -n-Plural | ||||||||||||||||||||
Nominativ | saxl-i | saxl-eb-i | saxl-n-i
Ergativ | saxl-ma | saxl-eb-ma | saxl-ta
| Dativ | saxl-s | saxl-eb-s |
| Genitiv | saxl-is | saxl-eb-is |
| Instrumental | saxl-it | saxl-eb-it |
| Adverbial | saxl-ad | saxl-eb-ad | (saxl-ta-d) | |
səḳ°aġ | ||
sə- | ḳ°a- | ġ |
1.Sg.Si | root | Pret. |
I | go | before |
"I went." |
wəsḥəġ | |||
wə- | s- | ḥə- | ġ |
2.Sg.Dt | 1.Sg.St | root | Pret. |
you | I | carry | before |
"I carried you." |
səqožaġ | ||||
sə - | qə - | wă- | ža- | ġ |
1.Sg.Si | prev. | 2.Sg.i.Obj. | root | Prät. |
I | hither | you | wait | before |
"I waited for you." |
wəqəsejtə | |||||
wə - | qə - | s- | e- | j- | tə |
2.Sg.Dt | prev. | 1.Sg. | i.Obj. | 3.Sg.St | root |
you | hither | me | to | he | give |
"He gives you to me." |
waq̇ədədejzγăšəžəfătăq̇əm | |||||||||||||
u- | a- | q̇ə- | də- | d- | ej- | z- | γă- | šə- | žə- | f- | ă- | tă- | q̇əm |
2.Sg. | 3.Pl. | local prev. | soc. | local prev. | 3.Sg. | 1.Sg. | causative | root | redirect. | potent. | Pret. | Pluperf. | neg. |
you | them | hither | with | from there | him | I | cause | conduct | back | possible | before | earlier | not |
"I could not cause him to conduct you back from there together with them." |
jəsxasc'ojṭ | ||||||
jə - | s- | xa- | s- | c'a- | wa - | jt' |
3.Sg.Dt | 1.Sg. | "vs." | 1.Sg.St | root | Pres. | finite |
it | my | head | I | put on | now | do |
"I put it on my head." |
jəsčəc'ask'weiṭ | ||||||
jə - | s- | čəc'a - | s - | k'- | wa - | jṭ |
3.Sg.Dt | 1.Sg. | "vs." | 1.Sg.St | root | Pres. | finite |
it | my | mouth | I | put | now | do |
"I put it in my mouth." |
jəlxasc'ojṭ | ||||||
jə - | l- | xa- | s- | c'a- | wa - | jt' |
3.Sg.Dt | 2.Sg.f. | "vs." | 1.Sg.St | root | Pres. | finite |
it | her | head | I | put on | now | do |
"I put it on her head." |
jəš°čəc'ask'weiṭ | ||||||
jə - | š° - | čəc'a - | s - | k'- | wa - | jṭ |
3.Sg.Dt | 2.Pl. | "vs." | 1.Sg.St | root | Pres. | finite |
it | your | mouth | I | put | now | do |
"I put it in your mouth." |
Actants \ Verbs | Active languages | Nominative languages | Ergative languages | |||||
"Agent" | "Patient" | Agent | Patient | Agent | Patient | |||
intransitive | Active | Inactive | Nominative | / | Absolutive | / | ||
transitive | Nominative | Accusative | Ergative | Absolutive |
intransitive | transitive | ||
šə-r măzəm k'°aγă | ł'əẑə-m čəγə-r əγăt'əsəγ
"the horse (-r, Abs.) ran into the wood" | "the old man (-m, Erg.) planted the tree (-r, Abs.)" | |
intransitive | transitive | ||||
sara jara səlzasweit' | wara lara sara uləstoit'
sara jara sə-l=z-a-s-wa-jt' | wara lara sara wə-lə-s-ta-wa-jt'
| "I (sara / sə-) strike upon it (jara / -a-) for (=z-) her (-l=)" | "I (sara / -s-) give you (wara / wə-) to her (lara / -l-)
| |
intransitive | transitive | ||
emen ruq̄'obe w-us̄ana | wac̄as̄ χur b-ekł'ana
"the father (emen, Abs., I.Cl. / w-)
came back home" | "the brother (wac̄-as̄, Erg., I.Cl.) ploughed the field (χur,
Abs., III.Cl. / b-)" | |
Agent1 | (Predicate) | (Adressee)3 | Patient2 | |||||||||||
Present | sṭudenṭ-i | s3-c̣er-s1 | amxanag-s | c̣eril-s
Aorist | sṭudenṭ-ma | mi-s3-c̣er-a1 | amxanag-s | c̣eril-i
| Perfect | sṭudenṭ-s | mi-u1-c̣er-i-a2 | amxanag-is-tvis | c̣eril-i | |
2. Active: "I (/ you ...) write (/ wrote ..) a letter to the neighbour"
Present series | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Agent1 | (Predicate) | (Adressee)3 | Patient2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1.Ps.Sg. | me | v1-s3-c̣er | amxanags | c̣eril-s
2.Ps.Sg. | šen | s3-c̣er | amxanag-s | c̣eril-s
| 3.Ps.Sg. | is | s3-c̣er-s1 | amxanag-s | c̣eril-s
| 1.Ps.Pl. | čven | v1-s3-c̣er-t1 | amxanag-s | c̣eril-s
| 2.Ps.Pl. | tkven | s3-c̣er-t1 | amxanag-s | c̣eril-s
| 3.Ps.Pl. | isini | s3-c̣er-en1 | amxanag-s | c̣eril-s
| Aorist series
| | Agent1 | (Predicate) | (Adressee)3 | Patient2
| 1.Ps.Sg. | me | mi-v1-s3-c̣er-e | amxanag-s | c̣eril-i
| 2.Ps.Sg. | šen | mi-s3-c̣er-e | amxanag-s | c̣eril-i
| 3.Ps.Sg. | man | mi-s3-c̣er-a1 | amxanag-s | c̣eril-i
| 1.Ps.Pl. | čven | mi-v1-s3-c̣er-e-t1 | amxanag-s | c̣eril-i
| 2.Ps.Pl. | tkven | mi-s3-c̣er-e-t1 | amxanag-s | c̣eril-i
| 3.Ps.Pl. | mat | mi-s3-c̣er-e-s1 | amxanag-s | c̣eril-i
| Perfect series
| | Agent1 | (Predicate) | (Adressee)3 | Patient2
| 1.Ps.Sg. | me | mi-mi1-c̣er-i-a2 | amxanag-is-tvis | c̣eril-i
| 2.Ps.Sg. | šen | mi-gi1-c̣er-i-a2 | amxanag-is-tvis | c̣eril-i
| 3.Ps.Sg. | mas | mi-u1-c̣er-i-a2 | amxanag-is-tvis | c̣eril-i
| 1.Ps.Pl. | čven | mi-gvi1-c̣er-i-a2 | amxanag-is-tvis | c̣eril-i
| 2.Ps.Pl. | tkven | mi-gi1-c̣er-i-a2-t1 | amxanag-is-tvis | c̣eril-i
| 3.Ps.Pl. | mat | mi-u1-c̣er-i-a2-t1 | amxanag-is-tvis | c̣eril-i | |
"absolute" (no addressee) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Patient2 | (Predicate) | (Adressee)3 | Agent1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Present | c̣eril-i | i-c̣er-eb-a2 | sṭudenṭ-is mier
Aorist | c̣eril-i | da-i-c̣er-a2 | | sṭudenṭ-is mier
| Perfect | c̣eril-i | da-c̣er-il-a2 | | sṭudenṭ-is mier
| "relative" (incl. addressee)
| | Patient2 | (Predicate) | (Adressee)3 | Agent1
| Present | c̣eril-i | e3-c̣er-eb-a2 | amxanag-s | sṭudenṭis mier
| Aorist | c̣eril-i | da-e3-c̣er-a2 | amxanag-s | sṭudenṭ-is mier
| Perfect | c̣eril-i | da-s3-c̣er-i-a2 | amxanag-s | sṭudenṭis mier | |
4. Active: "The student / the students write(s) (..) a letter / letters to the neighbour(s)."
Singular vs. plural addressee | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Agent1 | (Predicate) | (Adressee)3 | Patient2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Present | sṭudenṭ-i | s3-c̣er-s1 | amxanag-s | c̣eril-s
sṭudenṭ-i | s3-c̣er-s1 | amxanag-eb-s | c̣eril-s
| Aorist | sṭudenṭ-ma | mi-s3-c̣er-a1 | amxanag-s | c̣eril-i
| sṭudenṭ-ma | mi-s3-c̣er-a1 | amxanag-eb-s | c̣eril-i
| Perfect | sṭudenṭ-s | mi-u1-c̣er-i-a2 | amxanag-is-tvis | c̣eril-i
| sṭudenṭ-s | mi-u1-c̣er-i-a2 | amxanag-eb-is-tvis | c̣eril-i
| Singular vs. plural patient
| | Agent1 | (Predicate) | (Adressee)3 | Patient2
| Present | sṭudenṭ-i | s3-c̣er-s1 | amxanag-s | c̣eril-s
| sṭudenṭ-i | s3-c̣er-s1 | amxanag-s | c̣eril-eb-s
| Aorist | sṭudenṭ-ma | mi-s3-c̣er-a1 | amxanag-s | c̣eril-i
| sṭudenṭ-ma | mi-s3-c̣er-a1 | amxanag-s | c̣eril-eb-i
| Perfect | sṭudenṭ-s | mi-u1-c̣er-i-a2 | amxanag-is-tvis | c̣eril-i
| sṭudenṭ-s | mi-u1-c̣er-i-a2 | amxanag-is-tvis | c̣eril-eb-i
| Singular vs. plural agent
| | Agent1 | (Predicate) | (Adressee)3 | Patient2
| Present | sṭudenṭ-i | s3-c̣er-s1 | amxanag-s | c̣eril-s
| sṭudenṭ-eb-i | s3-c̣er-en1 | amxanag-s | c̣eril-s
| Aorist | sṭudenṭ-ma | mi-s3-c̣er-a1 | amxanag-s | c̣eril-i
| sṭudenṭ-eb-ma | mi-s3-c̣er-e-s1 | amxanag-s | c̣eril-i
| Perfect | sṭudenṭ-s | mi-u1-c̣er-i-a2 | amxanag-is-tvis | c̣eril-i
| sṭudenṭ-eb-s | mi-u1-c̣er-i-a2-t1 | amxanag-is-tvis | c̣eril-i | |
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